2.1.9 名词
名词在英语中是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词。英语名词(noun)可以从形式上进行分类,划分成专有名词和普通名词两大类。
1.名词短语可用作为定语
(1)名词短语可以在句子中作前置定语
这时它们通常与科技知识密切相关。
例句1:These radio waves are emitted(发射)in pulses(脉冲)of less than one millionth of a second duration(持续时间)at a rate of 1,000 per second.
例句2:Y2 is the virtual(有效的)moment(矩)of inertia(惯性)coefficient.
(2)名词短语可以在句子中作后置定语
这时它主要表示尺寸、大小、数值等,可以使用如下结构:
● the size of → as large as
● the height of → as high as
● the length of → as long as
● the depth of → as deep as
例句1:In six years we will have a computer the size of a smart phone.
注释:the size of a smart phone = as small as a smart phone。
例句2:Wires one hundredth the diameter(直径)of a silk thread(丝线)are used to connect the components(元件)in the microchip(芯片).
例句3:This planet has a diameter only 0. 01%(of)that of the sun.
例句4:This chemical element has a mass about 16 times the mass of an oxygen atom.
例句5:Special chains(链条)are made in widths approximately 1. 5 to 12 times the pitch(节距).
2.作状语
(1)名词短语可以用来作状语,表示数量、距离、时间等
例句1:In this period, most of the tunnels(信道)will be idle(空闲着的)most of the time.
例句2:The whole mass(质量)is concentrated at one point a distance d from the center of rotation.
例句3:It is not physically(物理上)possible to have a function(函数)change a specified amount in zero time.
(2)名词或者名词短语可以用来修饰某些动词或形容词,其本身不带冠词,通常表示方式或者方式状语
1)名词或者名词短语可以作方式状语。
例句1:Long distance calls(长途电话)were operator connected.
注释:operator connected = connected by operators。
例句2:We can radio control this device.
注释:radio control this device = control this device by radio。
例句3:It is necessary to heat treat(热处理)these tools before they are used.
例句4:US air force carpet bombed(地毯式轰炸)the ISS's positions yesterday.
2)名词或者名词短语可以作方面状语。
例句1:This device is energy efficient.
例句2:This material is water(防水)resistant.
例句3:The memory requirements are application dependent.
例句4:We must angle modulate(角度调制)the carrier(载波).
3.名词短语作同位语
名词短语可以作为其前面整个句子(或一部分)的同位语,可以有几种句型。
(1)第一种句型
在一个句子中,由a/an + 形容词 + 名词(有时 + 介词短语)形成一个短语结构,对前面的句子进行补充说明,可以翻译成:
1)“这是 …… 的一种(个)……”。
2)“这一种 …… 是 ……的”。
例句1:A magnet(磁铁)attracts iron material, a familiar phenomenon.
译文:磁铁吸引铁物质,这是非常熟悉的一种现象。
例句2:Series(串联)resistances waste power, a serious(严重的)drawback(缺点)in high-power circuits.
译文:串联电阻浪费能量,在高压线路里这是一个非常严重的缺点。
(2)第二种句型
在一个句子中,在主句后面跟着由a/an + 名词(或something)+同位语的结构,该同位语由后置定语、同位语从句、定语从句、形容词短语、过去分词短语构成,用于对前面句子的说明,可以翻译成“这一种……”。
例句1:AC can convert to DC, a process referred to as rectification(整流).
译文:交流电能转换成直流电,这一过程可以看作是整流。
例句2:Smart phones are electronic devices capable of processing information—a process which previously could be accomplished only by computers.
译文:智能手机是能够处理信息的装置,这一过程以前只能用计算机来完成。
例句3:In every atom in its normal state, the number of protons(质子)is equal to the number of electrons, something which is well-known to physicists.
译文:对于每个原子,在正常状态下,质子数和电子数是相同的,这一事实对物理学家来说是广泛知晓的。
例句4:The careful study of spectral(谱的)lines shows that many of them actually consist of two or more separate(分开的)lines that are close together, something that scientist cannot explain.
译文:仔细研究谱线可以看出许多挨着的线实际上是由两条或多条分开的谱线组成,这一现象科学家无法解释。
4.主语的同位语
在某些情况下,名词短语可以作为主语的同位语放在主语前,其作用主要是为了加强语气和保持句子平衡。
例句1:A new technology introduced in the 1960's, laser is now widely used in many industries.译文:作为20世纪60年代引进的新技术,激光现在广泛应用到很多行业。
例句2:An instrument for measuring electric current, the ammeter(安培表)is widely used in electrical engineering.
译文:作为测量电流的仪器,安培表广泛应用在电子工程中。
例句3:An Ivy League university(常春藤名牌大学)located in Boston, Harvard University was founded by 1636 and has been a pioneer(先驱)in education and research for nearly four hundred years.
译文:坐落在波士顿的常春藤名牌大学,哈佛大学建立于1636年,其作为教学科研的先驱已经近400年了。
例句4:One of the national key universities, Tsinghua University was founded in 1911.
译文:清华大学是全国重点大学之一,它创建于1911年。
例句5:One of the key research institutes of the semiconductor Industry, the Franklin Research Institute was founded in the early 1980's.
译文:弗兰克林研究所是半导体产业重点研究所之一,它创建于20世纪80年代初期。